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At the origin of typographical ligatures is the simple running together of letters in manuscripts. Already the earliest known script, Sumerian cuneiform, includes many cases of character combinations that over the scripts history gradually evolve from a ligature into an independent character in its own right. Ligatures figure prominently in many historical scripts, notably the Brahmic abugidas, or the bind rune in Migration Period Germanic inscriptions.Medieval scribes, writing in Latin, conserved space and increased writing speed by combining characters and by introduction of scribal abbreviation.For example, in blackletter, letters with right-facing bowls b, o, and p and those with left-facing bowls c, e, o, and q were written with the facing edges of the bowls superimposed. In many script forms characters such as h, m, and n had their vertical strokes superimposed. Scribes also used scribal abbreviations to avoid having to write a whole character at a stroke.Ligature use fell as the number of employed, traditionally-trained hand compositors and hot metal typesetting machine operators dropped.When printing with movable type was invented around typefaces included many ligatures. However they began to fall out of use with the advent of the wide use of sans serif machine-set body text in the One of the first computer typesetting programs to take advantage of computer driven typesetting and later laser printers was the TeX program of Donald Knuth see below for more on this. This trend was further strengthened by the desktop publishing revolution around 1985. Early computer software in particular except for TeX had no way to allow for ligature substitution the automatic use of ligatures where appropriate, and in any case most new digital fonts did not include any ligatures. As most of the early PC development was designed for and in the English language, which already saw ligatures as optional at best, a need for ligatures was not seen. Ligature use fell as the number of employed, traditionally-trained hand compositors and hot metal typesetting machine operators dropped. With the increased support for other languages and alphabets in modern computing, and the resulting improved digital typesetting techniques such as OpenType, ligatures are slowly coming back in use.With the increased support for other languages and alphabets in modern computing, and the resulting improved digital typesetting techniques such as OpenType, ligatures are slowly coming back in use. (c) 2000-2006 |